![]() ![]() Through this incision, your surgeon will separate the excess skin from the muscles of your abdominal wall. Your surgeon will begin by making a horizontal incision low on your abdomen, just above your pubic area in a natural skin fold to ensure resulting scars are as inconspicuous as possible. ![]() Depending on your individual needs and the specifics of your procedure, you may be required to stay overnight for your initial recovery. Our surgeons perform tummy tuck surgery with patients under general anesthesia in our accredited surgical suite or at Sibley Memorial Hospital. We provide a specific price quote after your consultation with one of our providers. Qualified patients can take advantage of our patient financing options. The cost for a male tummy tuck generally ranges from $7,700 to $15,000, depending on the amount of correction needed. How Much Does a Male Tummy Tuck Cost in the Washington, DC, Metro Area? This creates smoother, tighter contours that highlight your abdominal muscles. A tummy tuck-also called abdominoplasty-can help you enjoy your hard-earned results by removing excess skin and fat, tightening your underlying abdominal muscles, and tightening the remaining skin. Unfortunately, many men are left with hanging skin and stubborn fat bulges on the stomach that diet and exercise just won’t touch. Losing a large amount of weight is a big accomplishment that should be celebrated. View Photo Gallery Request a Consultation Male Body Contouring After Weight Loss Post-Surgical Healing, Repair, & Recovery.
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Our platform supports a range of Full HD quality options, including 720p, 1080p, 1440p, 2160p, 2k, 4k, and even 8k resolutions, all of which are accessible through our online service. The process of converting YouTube videos to MP4 format with ytmp4 is exceptionally straightforward. Just input the YouTube video link into your browser, and you will be able to seamlessly obtain your favorite videos. With our reliable and completely free YouTube to MP3 converter, you can effortlessly download and convert high-quality files. Typically, the conversion completes within seconds, though the duration and quality of the video may influence the processing time. ![]() Once you initiate the conversion process by clicking the convert button, our advanced technology swiftly transforms the video into an MP3 or MP4 file. However, please note that videos exceeding two hours in length cannot be converted due to potential strain on system performance.Ĭonverting a YouTube video to an MP4 file is incredibly simple, requiring only a stable internet connection. Currently, there are no restrictions on the number of daily conversions you can perform. Our service ensures that videos are downloaded at their highest available quality, granting you an optimal viewing experience. The conversion process is hassle-free, requiring no software installation or signup. This online tool is compatible with popular mobile devices, PCs, and tablets, making it accessible to users worldwide. By following the provided guidelines, you can utilize YouTube to MPīy using our YTMP4 converter and downloader, you can effortlessly convert and download YouTube videos in various formats, such as MP4 and MP3, directly to your device. However, it’s important to respect copyright laws and obtain necessary permissions when using these tools. They allow for offline viewing, device compatibility, and ease of use. YouTube to MP4 converters offer a convenient solution for downloading and saving YouTube videos in the widely supported MP4 format. Some converters may offer premium plans with additional features, including higher resolution downloads or faster conversion times. However, the download speed may vary based on the length and resolution of the video, as well as your internet connection. Q3: Are there any limitations on video length or quality?Ī3: YouTube to MP4 converters generally support a wide range of video lengths and qualities. ![]() It’s crucial to use YouTube to MP4 converters responsibly and only download videos that you have the right to access or videos that are in the public domain. Q2: Can I convert and download copyrighted videos using YouTube to MP4 converters?Ī2: Converting and downloading copyrighted videos without permission from the copyright holder is illegal. While the converters themselves are legal tools, it’s essential to respect copyright laws and obtain necessary permissions before using downloaded content for any purpose other than personal use. Once the conversion is complete, click the “Download” button to save the MP4 file to your device.įrequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about YouTube to MP4: Q1: Are YouTube to MP4 converters legal?Ī1: YouTube’s terms of service prohibit the downloading and redistribution of videos without explicit permission from the content creators.Select the video quality or resolution you prefer.Choose the desired output format, typically MP4. ![]() Click on the “Convert” or “Download” button to start the conversion process.Paste the YouTube video URL into the provided field.Visit aour reputable YouTube to MP4 converter website.Find the YouTube video you want to download and copy its URL.Additionally, you can share downloaded MP4 videos with others through email, messaging apps, or file-sharing platforms. Video Editing and Sharing: MP4 files can be easily imported into video editing software, allowing you to create compilations, montages, or remixes. You can quickly save videos for later viewing without the need to rely on YouTube’s online platform. By converting YouTube videos to MP4, you ensure compatibility across different platforms and avoid any format-related issues.Ĭonvenience: YouTube to MP4 converters provide a user-friendly and efficient way to download videos. This is particularly useful when traveling, in areas with limited connectivity, or for saving data.ĭevice Compatibility: MP4 is a universally recognized format that can be played on various devices, including smartphones, tablets, smart TVs, and computers. Offline Viewing: By converting YouTube videos to MP4, you can enjoy your favorite content without an internet connection. Why Should You Use YouTube to MP4 Converters? ![]() After local protests, Diviš had to cease his weather experiments around 1760. The apparatus was, however, mounted on a free-standing pole and probably better grounded than Franklin's lightning rods at that time, so it served the purpose of a lightning rod. Diviš's apparatus was, according to his private theories, aimed towards preventing thunderstorms altogether by constantly depriving the air of its superfluous electricity. There is an ongoing debate over whether a "metereological machine", invented by Premonstratensian priest Prokop Diviš and erected in Přímětice (now part of Znojmo), Moravia (now the Czech Republic) in June 1754, does count as an individual invention of the lightning rod. Peter Ahlwardts ("Reasonable and Theological Considerations about Thunder and Lightning", 1745) advised individuals seeking cover from lightning to go anywhere except in or around a church. The church tower of many European cities, which was usually the highest structure in the city, was likely to be hit by lightning. However, the true intent behind the metal rooftop and rebars remains unknown. The Nevyansk Tower was built 28 years before Benjamin Franklin's experiment and scientific explanation. The Nevyansk Tower was built between 17, on the orders of industrialist Akinfiy Demidov. This lightning rod is grounded through the rebar carcass, which pierces the entire building. The spire of the tower is crowned with a metallic rod in the shape of a gilded sphere with spikes. The heat causes a potential for structure fire, and its rapidity can lead to explosive damage as well.Ī lightning conductor may have been intentionally used in the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk. Lightning can damage structures made of most materials, such as masonry, wood, concrete, and steel, because the huge currents and voltages involved can heat materials to high temperature. Copper lightning rod at the Tesla Science Center, based on a Hemingray insulatorĪs buildings become taller, lightning becomes more of a threat. The principle of the lightning rod was first detailed by Benjamin Franklin in Pennsylvania in 1749, who in subsequent years developed his invention for household application (published in 1753) and made further improvements towards a reliable system around 1760. Copper and its alloys are the most common materials used in lightning protection. The main attribute common to all lightning rods is that they are all made of conductive materials, such as copper and aluminum. Lightning rods come in many different forms, including hollow, solid, pointed, rounded, flat strips, or even bristle brush-like. The lightning rod requires a connection to the earth to perform its protective function. In a lightning protection system, a lightning rod is a single component of the system. Lightning rods are also called finials, air terminals, or strike termination devices. If lightning hits the structure, it will preferentially strike the rod and be conducted to ground through a wire, instead of passing through the structure, where it could start a fire or cause electrocution. On WorksheetZone, we have millions of free printable worksheets ready for you to use.Lightning striking the lightning rod of the CN Tower in Toronto, Canada.Ī lightning rod or lightning conductor ( British English) is a metal rod mounted on a structure and intended to protect the structure from a lightning strike. We’re sure that it would be an excellent reinforcement resource. If you’re looking for a way to reteach and provide further assistance when it comes to this topic, give these physical and chemical worksheets a try. These science worksheets will give students a chance to practice a variety of problems and activities to help students dive deeper into the topic. On this website, we have prepared various free physical and chemical worksheets for extra practice. If you are struggling with problems describing and identifying physical and chemical changes, please don’t be worried. The molecular makeup stays entirely unchanged, and no new products are produced. The arrangement of molecules changes during the physical change, which results in a change in state. A physical change, on the other hand, is one that affects a substance’s physical properties rather than its chemical ones. The formation of new bonds in products differs from the destruction of old bonds in reactants in terms of energy. Energy changes occur when a chemical change takes place. New products are created via chemical changes. Chemical changes occur when the molecular composition is totally changed and a new product is created. Free Collection of Physical and Chemical Changes Worksheets for StudentsĪ certain chemical or physical change always occurs in conjunction with changes in energy. ![]() Why you would want to do something like that is a question that only the app's users know the answer to. Cannot be used for 911 emergency services.Hushed - Anonymous Calls, SMS is an interesting tool that allows you to 'buy' anonymous telephone numbers to use as facades for your own calls. May not work with SMS shortcode services or verification texts. Country and area code availability varies. ![]() Hushed offers both free trials and paid numbers, please review pricing and plans before purchasing. 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Hushed is a private phone number app for any occasion! When you need a different number to call and text with, Hushed lets you get local numbers from over 300 area codes in the US, Canada, and the UK. GET A FREE 3-DAY TRIAL NUMBER WITH SELECTED SUBSCRIPTIONS A 2nd line for private calls, texting and pictures. ![]() Michelle Trachtenberg had just portrayed an ice skater one year earlier in the movie Ice Princess. Melissa dies when part of her head is cut off by an ice skate.Re-shoots also included scenes specifically shot for the trailer and TV spots which never appear in the film, such as an alternate death where Dana gets tangled in Christmas lights and sucked into a thresher, Melissa is seen cocking a shotgun at a peephole in the front door saying Merry fucking Christmas, and Melissa walking down a hall where Billy can be seen crawling across the ceiling with a hatchet.She shares her birthday with Hong Yunsung aka Yun-seong from Soul Calibur franchise. Melissa's birthday is April 16th and her zodiac sign is Aries.Melissa is similar to Chai Xianghua from the SoulCalibur franchise.Michelle Trachtenberg only agreed to appear in the film if her character could die.She would later reappear in the end at the hospital to tell Kelli she is alive. Agnes thinking she is dead leaves her and goes to kill the other sorority sisters. Agnes puts the bag over Melissa's head and she faints. Also in an alternate ending Melissa would survive.Still alive, she screams as she is dragged down the hall by her empty eye sockets. In an alternate death scene, Melissa does not manage to get away from the killer, but simply falls to the ground where the killer then gouges her eyes out and then eats them.She also decided along with Kelli and Leigh to stay at the sorority to find Dana and the others. When Lauren was drunk, Melissa helped her by putting her in her bed and putting a trashcan near her bed (in case of any accidents). Lauren even said, that Melissa is like a sister to her. Melissa is very kind to all her sorority sisters, especially Lauren. Her death (The ski one) is the golden chainsaw in Dead Meat's kill count. Her eyes have been gouged out in the UK English version. She is set up around a Christmas tree with her other dead sisters. Melissa's body is later found by the few surviving characters in the attic. She is then sliced open in the back of her head with a pair of ice skates and has the back of her head fallen on the floor. Melissa fights the killer knocking them backwards with a hockey stick and opens the window, but before she can climb out, she is struck by the killer again. Melissa's Corpse is Found by Kelli and Leigh in the macabre Billy´s Tree She runs over to the window only to find it locked and tries to open the window, but the killer is too quick and opens the door. After a struggle she manages to break free and remove the bag, before running into a nearby room. Suddenly she is attacked by the killer who slips a bag over her head. Melissa leaves the room and stands at the top of the stairs, shouting to ask if everything is alright. While looking after Lauren, Melissa realizes that the car fellow sisters were supposed to be leaving in is still parked outside, she then hears Leigh screaming from downstairs because she has fallen in a puddle of blood. As sisters begin to disappear, Melissa helps others, most notably Lauren who has become very ill due to excessive drinking. Enjoying the festivities with her sisters, they begin to receive threatening phone calls from an unknown caller. Seen as the loyal and friendliest sister, Melissa is friends with everyone. ![]() Such a rich personality excels in social gatherings, where they can be found habitually. They have analytical skills and want to expand their knowledge. Names with this letter can be a sign of a brilliant intellect. Always expecting the best can weigh heavy on relationships. This means that you seek perfection from your peers and also tend to be a perfectionist. For relationships you seek people who are talented, mentally strong and professionally successful. You are always ready to fight and put all your effort into a task in order to get things done. Duties and responsibilities are of major importance. Getting things done once a plan is formed usually feels easy for you. Especially because of this characteristic, achieving proposed goals gives you great stimulus. G Letter G Meaning Of HogwashWhen your name has a G then you are very meticulous and constantly find yourself planning everything.This makes them whole, by giving them a sense of purpose. Being part of a family is very important to them. Which makes them stay on top in the most difficult situations.Ĭreative people who have an amazing imagination. One unique skill they have is the ability to handle different amounts of energy, time or money in an efficient way. However, the latter sometimes leads them to be too possessive. Compassionate lovers who above all seek commitment and effort to sustain a relationship. In the depths of their hearts they simply enjoy doing fun activities with a partner. Rarely can you find them being single.Īlthough they appear shy and reserved about their desires. They are relationship people who want to share their life and value loyalty. O Letter O Meaning Of HogwashLove matters the most and is taken very seriously by people whose name has an O in them.When deemed necessary they can use authority to impose limits or get what they want. Able to recognize individuals of like mind. People who know how to act the right way in all situations. Gifted with critical and impartial judgment. Impose your strong beliefs on others can be somewhat troublesome. People can count on you even during hard times. Loving and sincere you are a sensual person who can be serious when it is needed. Examples of that would be encouragement and positive emotions. You also tend to seek out people that can add something special to your life. However, unless you are able to build a fulfilling relationship you tend to be quite withdrawn. You tend to devote big amounts of time, effort and money into building relationships. H Letter H Meaning Of HogwashWhat is the meaning of names made with the letter H? If you have this letter in your name, then you are a big dreamer with overflowing passion for life.A skill that is beneficial on many levels. Your sensitivity actually has many good properties, that enable you to understand other peoples feelings. Train your inner toughness in order to get rid of this flaw. Having a tendency to escape from problems when you feel uncertain will only create more problems. It will bring you great amounts of misery throughout your life if you don't toughen up. Being too sensitive is your biggest weakness. Which is why you might want to look into all professions where it can create an advantage for you.Īs long as you can use your talents to detect errors or solve mysteries, you will be happy regardless of what the occupation is. New trends are rarely built upon cold logic.Ĭreativity can only flow from the heart. Not using logical thinking but simply knowing what is right works particularly well in creative professions. This will create an unique environment for Hogwash to succeed in. Once your instincts are advanced enough they will remove many false judgments. Such trust won't simply appear out of the dark. The instinctual type of person, who needs to learn that trusting their gut is a good idea. ![]() Like so many of our favorite snacks and candy in the 90s, we were foolishly lured in by a fast-talking anthropomorphic cartoon animal and vibrant neon colors. We'd suffer through endless wads of gooey, chewy, tastelessly bitter gum so long as it was colorful and came with a cheerful zebra on the package. It was one of those food fads for which we liked it because we liked it, and don't bother asking us any probing questions as to why. It was certainly a cheap thrill, and a short-lived one at that. Regardless of our questionable Fruit Stripe tattoo practices, the gum remained amongst our favorites for years. Sure, it wasn't necessarily the most attractive, or tastiest, or functional, or sensible, or.wait, where was I going with this? This non-toxic ink blob clinging to our taste buds was usually our greatest and wisest alternative. Namely, to put the tattoos on our tongues. It was time for us to take drastic measures. We usually ended up with more of a smudge than a zebra. The temporary tattooing process was not quite as straightforward as they'd led us to believe. What could possibly go wrong?Īpparently, lots of things. The instructions were brief: simply wet the tattoo (nearly all of us subbed the verb lick at this point), and apply with pressure to the desired skin surface for about 30 seconds. There were no bells and whistles on this thing. The magic of the Fruit Stripe gum tattoo was in its pure, unadulterated simplicity. Each stick came with its very own temporary tattoo, because what kid doesn't want a semi-permanent splotch of color smack dab in the middle of their cheek? I know I was keen. Oh, the coveted tattoo! It was inexplicably desirable, despite the fact it was both worthless and blurry. They weren't taking their novelty product halfway, they were going for gold here. The Fruit Stripe people knew it would take more than a lamely-flavored albeit colorful gum to pique the fancy of children. Sure, there was a minor choking hazard, but that's a small price to pay for ten minutes of silence in the car. After all, a kid can't speak with a mouth chock full of Fruit Stripe gum. Alright, so this clearly was not the perfect solution and our teeth weren't bowing down in enamel-depleted gratitude, but our parents probably were big fans of this trick. It didn't take a genius IQ to figure out that adding another stick would freshen the ever-growing was of gum slowly taking over our cavernous mouthal cavity. It was wonderfully convenient that the gum tended to come in a large pack as it provided a handy solution for its minuscule flavor life. The system wasn't perfect, but it was sweet, which is usually more than enough to satiate even the most precocious of children. We could only assume that the red was in some way vaguely symbolic of wild cherry and a yellow/green combination of hues represented the lemon lime delegation. You'd have to be a taste connoisseur to distinguish between these subtle differences, so we relied on the vibrantly colored sticks of gum to show us the way. Though the gum claimed to come in a wide variety of fruity flavors, in reality it tended to come in a variety of fruity colors. Is it not the most fantastically beautiful gum you've ever seen? Huh? Is it? Even though we'd experienced multiple times for ourselves the flightiness of the flavor, we continued to chew our beloved Fruit Stripe on the premise of its novelty alone. We never learned, particularly if we'd purchased a rather large pack of the gum. The alluring five juicy flavors drew us in time after time. ![]() The brand and its zebra mascot Yipes are decidedly kid-friendly, luring in children with promises of an enchantingly colorful sugar high. That's got to be some sort of consolation, right?įruit Stripe Gum was nothing less than a candy craze, launched in the 1960s but enjoying a serious rejuvenation of popularity throughout the 1990s. Case in point, the gum offers a mere three minutes of desirable flavor time followed by a persistent output of bland non-flavor for the duration of the chew. If you ever doubted that kids favor the immediate over the enduring, look no further for evidence than a fluorescent hued-stick of Fruit Stripe Gum. Instant gratification is most likely the only type of satisfaction they know, regardless of the longstanding consequences of their actions. Kids aren't usually the greatest long-term planners. ![]() Around the year 390, the pilgrim lady Etheria talks of the procession that took place on the Saturday before Palm Sunday at the tomb where Lazarus had been raised from the dead. ![]() It is certain there was early devotion to the saint. There he died peacefully after serving as bishop for 30 years. Another story is that despite being put into a leaking boat by the Jews at Jaffa, he, his sisters, and others landed safely in Cyprus. He is supposed to have left a written account of what he saw in the next world before he was called back to life. Legends abound about the life of Lazarus after the death and resurrection of Jesus. Immediately after we are told that the chief priests plotted to kill Lazarus “because many of the Jews were turning away and believing in Jesus because of him.” Lazarus was the one of whom the Jews said, “See how much he loved him.” In their sight Jesus raised his friend Lazarus from the dead. The Lord recognizes that Martha is “worried about many things,” also noting that Mary, who has spent the preparation time at Jesus’ feet listening to his words “has chosen the better part.” John 12:1-8 describes Mary’s anointing of Jesus’ feet at Bethany, an act which he praised highly. On one occasion, she prepares the meal for Jesus and possibly his fellow guests and forthrightly states the obvious: All hands should pitch in to help with the dinner. No doubt Martha was an active sort of person. I have come to believe that you are the Messiah, the Son of God, the one who is coming into the world’” (John 11:25-27). Do you believe this?’ She said to him, ‘Yes, Lord. “Jesus told her, ‘I am the resurrection and the life whoever believes in me, even if he dies, will live, and everyone who lives and believes in me will never die. Martha’s great glory is her simple and strong statement of faith in Jesus after her brother’s death. The sisters felt free to call on Jesus at their brother’s death, even though a return to Judea at that time seemed to spell almost certain death. He came to their home simply as a welcomed guest, rather than as one celebrating the conversion of a sinner like Zacchaeus or one unceremoniously received by a suspicious Pharisee. Martha, Mary, and their brother Lazarus were evidently close friends of Jesus. ![]() Let him warn them, ( H) so that they will not also come to this place of torment.’Ģ9 “Abraham replied, ‘They have Moses ( I) and the Prophets ( J) let them listen to them.’ģ0 “‘No, father Abraham,’ ( K) he said, ‘but if someone from the dead goes to them, they will repent.’ģ1 “He said to him, ‘If they do not listen to Moses and the Prophets, they will not be convinced even if someone rises from the dead.Image: Jesus, Lazarus, Martha and Mary | St. ( G) 26 And besides all this, between us and you a great chasm has been set in place, so that those who want to go from here to you cannot, nor can anyone cross over from there to us.’Ģ7 “He answered, ‘Then I beg you, father, send Lazarus to my family, 28 for I have five brothers. 24 So he called to him, ‘Father Abraham, ( D) have pity on me and send Lazarus to dip the tip of his finger in water and cool my tongue, because I am in agony in this fire.’ ( E)Ģ5 “But Abraham replied, ‘Son, remember that in your lifetime you received your good things, while Lazarus received bad things, ( F) but now he is comforted here and you are in agony. 23 In Hades, where he was in torment, he looked up and saw Abraham far away, with Lazarus by his side. ( C) Even the dogs came and licked his sores.Ģ2 “The time came when the beggar died and the angels carried him to Abraham’s side. ( A) 20 At his gate was laid a beggar ( B) named Lazarus, covered with sores 21 and longing to eat what fell from the rich man’s table. 19 “There was a rich man who was dressed in purple and fine linen and lived in luxury every day. ![]() ![]() ![]() Three-hole punched, and fit into any standard three-ring binder (not included). Learn more about Inclusive Access at /inclusive-access.īinder Ready versions have pages that are loose leaf, Bookstores and these vendors share in the total projected mark-up. We partner with both RedShelf and VitalSource to provide day-one access to students through campus bookstores. It can also support courses in literature, critical studies, and rhetoric, as well as writing-intensive courses in the humanities and social sciences. Inquiry in Context is an exemplary text for composition courses at all academic levels. The book presents research and research writing that both mirrors real-life research activities and also prepares students for research writing assignments commonly expected from undergraduate and graduate student writers. It challenges readers to make novel and compelling connections among ideas and phenomena to offer unique claims about and solutions for enduring problems. Through inquiry-based, multi-modal, and multi-literate explorations, the text encourages student to invest in critical and mindful reading as a means of developing the kind of understanding that enables effective, innovative, and insightful academic writing. Additionally, a reader of fiction and non-fiction canonical and contemporary visual and literary texts engage students with the intersecting themes of self, society, identify, power, technology, and nature. The text presents rhetorical material that focuses on the critical skills of annotating, questioning, summarizing, paraphrasing, analyzing, synthesizing, and reflecting, as well as documenting and evaluating sources. Learn More Inquiry in Context: Critical Reading and Analytical Writing provides students with opportunities to build strong reading, writing, and thinking practices associated with research writing. Library, Archive, and Information Studies.Organizational Behavior and Human Resources.Human Behavior and the Social Environment.Public Relations/Strategic Communication.Communication Education/Training & Development. ![]() Newer cells which are more powerful and have a life of up to 800 cycles can be an alternative to Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles. ( C is battery capacity in Ah, divided by one hour.) ![]() They have low internal impedance (typically 5 milliohms), which allows for high battery discharge rates, up to 50 C. įor use in multi-cell batteries, the higher voltage of NiZn cells requires fewer cells than NiCd and NiMH for the same voltage. The output voltage of a 1.2 V rechargeable cell will drop to this point before it has fully delivered its charge. This makes NiZn particularly suitable for electronic products that require the 1.5 V of alkaline primary cells rather than the 1.2 V of most rechargeable cells (most circuits tolerate the slightly higher voltage), and will not function correctly beyond, typically, the endpoint voltage of an alkaline cell. Nickel–zinc cells have an open circuit voltage of 1.85 volts when fully charged, and a nominal voltage of 1.65 V. When comparing NiZn to other battery technologies, cycle life comparisons may vary depending on the discharge rate and depth of discharge used. As the discharge current or the depth of discharge is reduced, the number of charge-discharge cycles for a battery increases. īattery cycle life is most commonly specified at a discharge depth of 80 percent of rated capacity and assuming a one-hour discharge current rate. PowerGenix has developed 1.6 V batteries with claimed battery cycle life comparable to NiCd batteries. These advances include improvements in electrode separator materials, inclusion of zinc material stabilizers, and electrolyte improvements (e.g. Recent advances have enabled this problem to be greatly reduced. Another common issue with zinc rechargeable batteries is electrode shape change and dendrites (or " whiskers"), which may reduce the cell discharging performance or, eventually, short out the cell, resulting in a low cycle life. Battery life Ĭompared with cadmium hydroxide, the tendency of the soluble zinc hydroxide ion ( zincate) to dissolve into solution and not fully migrate back to the cathode during recharging has, in the past, presented challenges for the commercial viability of the NiZn battery. Where this is not a problem NiZn is a good battery choice for applications requiring high-power and high-voltage. A disadvantage is increased self-discharge rate after about 30-50 cycles, so that batteries do not hold their charge as long as when new. The European Parliament has supported bans on cadmium-based batteries nickel–zinc is a good alternative for power tools and other applications. NiZn may be used as a substitute for nickel–cadmium. NiZn are cheaper than nickel-cadmium batteries, and are expected to be priced somewhere between NiCd and lead–acid types. Nickel–zinc batteries perform well in high-drain applications, and may have the potential to replace lead–acid batteries because of their higher energy-to-mass ratio and higher power-to-mass ratio - as little as 25% of the mass for the same power. Nickel–zinc batteries have a charge/discharge curve similar to 1.2 V NiCd or NiMH cells, but with a higher 1.6 V nominal voltage. developed and patented several improvements in nickel–zinc batteries, but withdrew from that area in 2004. In the 1960s nickel–zinc batteries were investigated as an alternative to silver–zinc batteries for military applications, and in the 1970s were again of interest for electric vehicles. Early nickel–zinc batteries provided only a small number of discharge/recharge cycles. Although successful, they were withdrawn when the batteries wore out. Drumm (1897–1974), and installed in four two-car Drumm railcar sets between 19 for use on the Dublin–Bray railway line. The battery was later developed by the Irish chemist Dr. Patent 684,204 for a rechargeable nickel–zinc battery system. In 1901 Thomas Alva Edison was awarded U.S. Unlike some other technologies, trickle charging is not recommended. Since 2000, development of a stabilized zinc electrode system has made this technology viable and competitive with other commercially available rechargeable battery systems. ![]() Larger nickel– zinc battery systems have been known for over 100 years. A nickel–zinc battery, abbreviated NiZn, is a type of rechargeable battery similar to NiCd batteries, but with a higher voltage of 1.6 V. |
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